Choosing the Right Fire Brigade Level for Your Facility
Fire safety is a non-negotiable priority in every manufacturing environment—but not all facilities require the same level of emergency preparedness. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recognizes multiple levels of workplace fire brigades, each with specific requirements related to training, equipment, documentation, and organizational commitment. Choosing the right level for your site involves balancing risk, regulatory requirements, and operational capabilities.
Here’s a breakdown of the four primary levels of fire response organizations used in industry:
1. No Fire Brigade – Total Evacuation Policy
Overview:
Some employers choose to adopt a total evacuation policy, meaning all employees are expected to evacuate immediately in the event of a fire. No one attempts to fight the fire.
Requirements:
Training: Employees must be trained in evacuation routes and procedures.
Documentation: A written Emergency Action Plan (per 29 CFR 1910.38) is required.
Equipment: Fire detection and alarm systems; no firefighting equipment for employee use.
Use Case:
Appropriate for low-risk facilities or when fire response is better handled by local fire departments.
2. Fire Extinguisher-Only Response
Overview:
Employees are allowed (but not required) to use portable fire extinguishers to put out small fires.
Requirements:
Training: Employees expected to use extinguishers must receive hands-on training annually (29 CFR 1910.157(g)).
Documentation: Must document training, and have a written plan if extinguishers are provided.
Equipment: Portable extinguishers maintained and inspected per NFPA 10.
Use Case:
Common in light manufacturing and warehouse environments where fire hazards are minimal and easily managed.
3. Incipient Stage Fire Brigade
Overview:
This level involves a formal group of trained employees authorized to fight only incipient stage fires—fires that can be controlled with portable extinguishers or small hose lines without PPE beyond standard workplace attire.
Requirements:
Training: More extensive than extinguisher-only; must cover fire behavior, hazard recognition, and hands-on extinguishment.
Documentation: OSHA requires written policies and documented training under 29 CFR 1910.156.
Equipment: Fire extinguishers and hose stations; no SCBAs or turnout gear.
Use Case:
Ideal for facilities with slightly elevated fire risks but without the complexity or hazard level warranting full structural firefighting.
4. Interior/Structural Fire Brigade
Overview:
This is the most advanced level, with trained employees responding to fires beyond the incipient stage, potentially entering burning buildings using full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Requirements:
Training: Must meet the full scope of 29 CFR 1910.156 including live fire drills, PPE use, rescue procedures, and annual skills evaluations.
Documentation: Detailed written plan, training records, medical evaluations, and PPE maintenance logs.
Equipment: NFPA-compliant turnout gear, SCBAs, hose lines, radios, and more.
Use Case:
Used only in high-risk operations where waiting for municipal fire services would create unacceptable delay—such as refineries, chemical plants, or large industrial complexes.
Final Thoughts
Many employers overestimate the capability of their workplace to handle fires. While internal fire brigades can save time, they also carry significant liability if underprepared. For most manufacturing settings, an incipient stage brigade or fire extinguisher-only policy is sufficient when paired with robust training and regular drills.
Before selecting a brigade level, assess your hazards, consult with local emergency services, and ensure your program meets OSHA standards. Safety is not just about response—it's about preparation.
